Solve a Quadratic Equation Using the Quadratic Formula http://www.webmath.com/ The fast, easy and shareable online calculator http://instacalc.com/ How to Develop a Sense of Scale http://betterexplained.com/articles/how-to-develop-a-sense-of-scale/

Addition increased by more than combined, together total of sum added to Subtraction decreased by minus, less difference between/of less than, fewer than Multiplication of times, multiplied by product of increased/decreased by a factor of (this type can involve both addition or subtraction and multiplication!) Division per, a out of ratio of, quotient of percent (divide by 100) Equals is, are, was, were, will be gives, yields sold for La non-linéarité est la particularité, en mathématiques, de systèmes dont le comportement n'est pas linéaire, c'est-à-dire soit ne satisfaisant pas le principe de superposition, soit dont la sortie n'est pas proportionnelle à l'entrée. Les problèmes non-linéaires intéressent les mathématiciens et les physiciens car la plupart des systèmes physiques sont non-linéaires. Certains systèmes non-linéaires sont également chaotiques, comme la circulation atmosphérique. Introduction for explanation of function in math: Before giving the explanation of the function in math, we have to know, what is function in math? The function is nothing that gives the result for the given argument. The argument is also know and element of the function from the given set. Function is associated with domain and co domain. The element exists in domain is also exactly one element in co domain. Pre-requisite for Explanation of Function in Math: Constant and Variable: The value will not be changed during the mathematical process is called constant. The value will be changed during the mathematical process is called variable. Interval: The subset of real number is called interval Neighborhood. In a number line the neighborhood of a real number is defined as an open interval of very small length. Independent / Dependent Variable: A variable is an independent variable when it has any arbitrary value. A variable is said to be dependent when its value depends on other variables. Cartesian product: The Cartesian product of the two sets A and B is denoted by A x B and is denoted as Let A={ a1,a2,a3} B={b1,b2} A x B={ (a1,b1),(a1,b2)(a2,b1)(a2,b2)(a3,b1)(a3,b2)} Explanation of Function in Math: A function is a special type of relation. If no two ordered pairs have same first element and deferent second element, the relation is called function. If two ordered pairs have same first element and deferent second element, the relation is called not a function. If the element x in the set A is associated with element x in the set B is called image of the function. The set of images is called range of the function. If the range of function in not equal to the co domain, those functions are called mapping. Types of Functions for Explanation in Math: 1. Identity function: A function from a set A to the same set A is said to be an identity 2. Inverse of a function: To define the inverse of a function f i.e. f−1 (read as ‘f inverse’), the function f must be one-to-one and onto. 3. Constant function: If the range of a function is a singleton set, the function is called a constant function. 4. Linear function: If a function f : R → R is defined in the form f(x) = ax + b then the function is called a linear function. Here a and b are constants. 5. Polynomial function: If f : R→R is defined by f(x) = an xn + an − 1 xn − 1+ …+ a1x + a0, where a0, a1,…, an are real numbers, an≠0 then f is a polynomial function of degree n. L'axiome du choix peut s'énoncer comme suit : « Étant donné un ensemble X d'ensembles non vides, il existe une fonction définie sur X, appelée fonction de choix, qui à chacun d'entre eux associe un de ses éléments. » L'appel à l'axiome du choix n'est pas nécessaire si X est un ensemble fini. L'axiome du choix devient, dans ce cas particulier, une simple conséquence de la définition d'ensemble non vide (c'est-à-dire qu'il existe un élément appartenant à cet ensemble). Le résultat se montre par récurrence sur le nombre d'éléments de X. Il existe d'autres cas particuliers, où une telle fonction peut être explicitement définie. Par exemple, pour un ensemble X de sous-ensembles non vides des entiers naturels, on peut définir une fonction de choix en posant, pour x un élément de X, f(x) égal à l'élément minimal de x. On s'est servi de la propriété de bon ordre sur les entiers naturels, et non de l'axiome du choix. Cependant dans le cas général, l'existence d'une fonction de choix repose sur l'axiome ci-dessus. L'axiome du choix est souvent utilisé par l'intermédiaire de l'un des deux énoncés suivants qui lui sont équivalents: Théorème de Zermelo : « Tout ensemble non vide est bien ordonnable (c'est-à-dire peut être muni d'une structure de bon ordre) » ; Lemme de Zorn : « Tout ensemble inductif non vide admet un élément maximal ». On montre facilement que le théorème de Zermelo implique l'axiome du choix : comme pour les entiers naturels, si E est muni d'un bon ordre, le minimum pour celui-ci fournit une fonction de choix sur l'ensemble des parties non vides de E (second énoncé équivalent). De même le lemme de Zorn a également facilement pour conséquence l'axiome du choix. [Dérouler]Démonstration de ce que le lemme de Zorn implique l'axiome du choix.Soit X une famille non vide d'ensembles non vides. Soit I l'ensemble des fonctions de choix f pour une sous-famille Y de X. L'ensemble I est non vide, car il est possible de définir sans l'axiome du choix une fonction de choix sur toute sous-famille finie de X. Cet ensemble est ordonné par le prolongement des applications. I est un ensemble inductif. Si le lemme de Zorn est vérifié, I admet un élément maximal, autrement dit une fonction de choix définie sur une sous-famille maximale Y de X. Si par l'absurde Y était différent de X, associer à un ensemble appartenant à X-Y un de ses éléments est toujours possible et permettrait de prolonger f à une sous-famille strictement plus grande, ce qui contredit la maximalité. Donc, Y=X et f est une fonction de choix pour X. Les réciproques sont un peu plus délicates. On peut utiliser dans les deux cas assez naturellement la théorie des ordinaux, mais il est possible de démontrer le lemme de Zorn en travaillant directement sur la structure d'ordre de l'inclusion sur un ensemble de parties (c'est un ensemble inductif). Le théorème de Zermelo se déduit simplement du lemme de Zorn. Cet axiome fait partie des axiomes optionnels et controversés de la théorie des ensembles. En effet, l'existence d'un objet défini à partir de l'axiome du choix n'est pas une existence constructive, c’est-à-dire que l'axiome ne décrit aucunement comment construire l'objet dont on affirme l'existence. Ainsi, dire qu'il existe une base de l'espace vectoriel des fonctions continues de R dans R ne permet en aucune façon de décrire une telle base. De ce point de vue, l'axiome du choix peut paraître d'un intérêt limité et c'est pourquoi certains mathématiciens se montrent plus satisfaits d'une démonstration s'ils peuvent éviter d'avoir recours à cet axiome du choix. Mais la plupart des mathématiciens l'utilisent sans réticence particulière. L'axiome du choix ne fait pas partie du jeu d'axiomes de la théorie des ensembles ZF. On appelle théorie ZFC, la théorie ZF munie en plus de l'axiome du choix. Bertrand Russell disait à propos de l'axiome du choix : Pour choisir une chaussette plutôt que l'autre pour chaque paire d'une collection infinie, on a besoin de l'axiome du choix. Mais pour les chaussures, ce n'est pas la peine. Explication : Quand on dispose d'une paire de chaussettes quelconque, on n'a aucun moyen a priori de distinguer une chaussette de l'autre, ce sont des objets a priori identiques et même si chaque matin on arrive à choisir laquelle on va mettre en premier, on serait bien en peine de trouver un procédé général qui nous permette de renouveler l'exploit éternellement. Pour les chaussures, il existe un moyen de choisir qui marche tout le temps (une fonction de choix naturelle) : choisir toujours la chaussure gauche (ou droite) puisqu'il y a toujours une chaussure gauche et une chaussure droite. On pourrait penser que c'est une interprétation forcée de l'axiome[Quoi ?][Comment ?]. Mais Paul Cohen a montré en 1962 qu'il était possible de construire un modèle de ZF dans lequel une certaine réunion dénombrable d'ensembles à deux éléments n'est pas dénombrable, confirmant l'intuition de Russell.

http://web.utk.edu/~grissino/principles.htm http://www.awra.org/proceedings/0605pro_toc.html http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/29525679.html http://www.museumca.org/global/resources.html http://www.nps.gov/archive/meve/home.htm http://content.usatoday.com/community/tags/topic.aspx?req=tag&tag=Mark%20Svoboda http://www.museumca.org/LHP/mateo_latinos.htm http://www.cla.purdue.edu/history/publications/publhurt.pdf http://www.dorothea-lange.org/text.home.htm http://www.cla.purdue.edu/history/publications/publhurt.pdf http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sto/cafw/ http://www.fire.ca.gov/

Space http://www.theblackvault.com/wiki/index.php/Category:People_of_UFOlogy http://www.ufophysical.com/ http://home.mho.com/schuessler/ http://www.theblackvault.com/wiki/index.php/List_of_science_fiction_films http://www.stantonfriedman.com/ http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/arts-shields-0215.html http://www.melitatrips.com/bios/index.html http://www.librarything.com/author/kruppec http://www.griffithobs.org/ http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~malkan/ http://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Mainzer/ http://mkaku.org/ http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=2973&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 http://meteorites.lpl.arizona.edu/toc.html http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/faculty/malhotra.html http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/science/dyeomans.cfm http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3957/is_200505/ai_n13636998 http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/science/dyeomans.cfm http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/people/profile/459/stephen/mojzsis/ http://www2.uol.com.br/sciam/noticias/extremofilos_sobrevivem_as_condicoes_adversas_do_espaco.html http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Klaatu+(The+Day+the+Earth+Stood+Still)

Art http://method.vtheatre.net/freud.html http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/ares.html http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/glossary-art-a.html http://www.moma.org/collection/search.php http://www.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-kandinsky-mono-EN/ENS-kandinsky-monographie-EN.html http://bibliothequekandinsky.centrepompidou.fr/CDA/?INSTANCE=INCIPIO http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Edition.nsf/Docs/IDB6B86B13C0C4D29DC12568970036BD4A?OpenDocument&sessionM=6.2&L=1 http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/pd--12884263/sp--A/igid--2052682/Lagoon_in_Haapiti_Moorea_the_French_Polynesia.htm? http://www.blogapenguinclassic.co.uk/site/pcReadReview.php5?review_id=316 http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/koehler_robert.html http://www.librarything.com/tag/travel+writing http://www.inha.fr/spip.php?rubrique61 http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/pompeiiinfo.shtm http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/mnemosyne/links.htm https://www.artistrising.com/_code/Account/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f_code%2fAccount%2fMyAccount.aspx http://abstractart.20m.com/expressionism.html

Economy http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/index.html http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/5579/vocabulary.html http://www.dj.com/Pressroom/PressReleases/Other/US/2008/0915_US_TheWallStreetJournal_1427.htm http://www.investopedia.com/articles/trading/04/011404.asp http://www.worldhungeryear.org/why_speaks/default.asp?which_page=current

By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Define precision farming Describe basic agronomic factors used to optimize yield Identify the tools and technologies used in precision farming Explain how agronomic factors and tools are used to collect, analyze, and generate data By the end of this lesson you will be able to: A farmer must make yearly decisions on crop inputs using information that he/she has on many different agronomic factors in order to optimize yield. To make these decisions a farmer is required to have a strong background in agronomic factors and must have this data available to him. The farmer has always wanted complete information about an agricultural field but it wasn’t until the availability of GPS and GIS that a field could be divided into sub-units and massive amounts of data could be recorded and analyzed for relationships between agronomic factors and crop yields. This topic is not meant to be a substitute for an agronomy course. It is intended as a quick overview of basic agronomic factors that will be discussed throughout this course. How plants grow and develop Two basic structures of a plant are the stem and leaves (above ground) and the roots (below ground). Both develop from the seed that is planted in the ground by the grower. As the roots develop, they create a stable base for the stem and leaves and absorb water and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (among others) from the soil. These nutrients are transported up through the stem to the leaves, which use the nutrients for growth, development and seed production. Chlorophyll utilizes the nutrients, water, sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air to produce carbohydrates, which in turn are used by the plant for growth. As the plant grows, it goes through various stages of development, though not all plants follow the same stages of development. For most plants, the stages include leaf emergence and growth, stem elongation, flowering, pollination, and seed development. The amount of nutrients available to the plant determines the level of growth and amount of seed production. The level of nutrients in the plant leaves or seeds and the amount of seed yield determine its value as a food or fiber crop. Factors affecting crop production There are many factors that influence how well plants grow and develop. These factors are used by the farmer to make decisions. It is beyond the scope of this concept to list every factor that affects a crop’s production, but a basic list of types of factors is attempted. Soil factors include level of nutrients (known as soil fertility), availability of nutrients, moisture level of soil, and soil compaction. Pest factors include historical or current infestations of soil fungus, bacterial diseases, insects or weeds. Management factors include crop history, past fertilizer applications, pesticide applications, and tillage practices. Weather factors include rainfall, temperature and humidity. Climatic factors include long range weather patterns such as 1st frost, length of growing season, degree days, and ground thaw. As this partial list shows, there are many types of factors that affect crop development and yield. Farmers attempt to influence or control as many of these as possible in order to get the highest yield that is economically possible. Some factors, such as soil or pests can be somewhat controlled, while others such as climatic factors can not (though current weather conditions can be compensated for through irrigation or tiling). compaction Normal soil has particles of sand, silt and clay, water and air pores. The weight of heavy equipment compresses the soil reducing the amount of air pores. The lack of air pores reduces the water and is restrictive to plant roots, which in turn can restrict plant growth. tillage A management factor that affects compaction, soil aggregation (tilth) and erosion. Farmers may use a moldboard plow to completely turn over the soil (minimum cultivation or till) in which the topsoil is slightly disturbed and broken up. degree days The growth of a plant is dependent on the amount of heat it receives during its lifecycle. Degree days is a measure used to quantify the amount of heat available to a crop throughout a season. One degree day is accumulated for each degree (Fahrenheit or Celsius) above or below a predefined base temperature. For example, if 60° F is used as the base temperature and the mean temperature for a given day is 70° degrees F, then 10 degree days are accumulated for that day. Soil factors affecting crop production Soil factors are considered to be the most important factors in crop production, not only because of the affect they have on a crop, but also because they can be partially controlled by farmers. The first type of soil factor is soil nutrients, (such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are major nutrients; sulfur, boron, and calcium are micronutrients). Soil fertility refers to the amount and availability of these nutrients. The second type of soil factor is soil type, considered by some agronomists to be the major factor in crop management. It is actually a group of characteristics used to categorize a soil. Soils of a specific type have the same characteristics, such as slope, sand/clay/silt content, permeability, drainage and approximately 40 other characteristics. The soil type itself is not important, it is these characteristics that, if they are highly correlated with yield, are important. A third type of soil factor is those characteristics that affect the uptake and availability of nutrients. They include pH (soil acidity or alkalinity), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC is the level of free ions that allow transfer of nutrients), organic matter (level of carbon based material in the soil) and soil conductivity. A fourth soil factor is the current field conditions. These are cumulative effects of climate, recent weather patterns and the farmer’s management practices. They include current moisture levels, soil residue, and soil compaction. These factors are important in determining yield by themselves, but there are also interrelationships between nutrients and pH or nutrients and moisture that make a true understanding of a soil’s effect on production very complex. For years, farmers and researchers have tried to quantify these relationships. Now, with the use of GIS, farmers have the analytical tools to do this. How farmers use factors to make decisions Previous concepts have reviewed how various soil and other factors affect crop production. The farmer must use his knowledge of these factors to make decisions about next year’s crop. First, farmers must gather information about a crop and conditions to predict what the crop will need. On a modern farm, there is a lot of information available. Soil types and conditions, nutrient levels, moisture patterns, and weedy areas can now be measured. Many factors are interrelated and decisions about one factor will affect others. For example, the yield of a crop is found to be low due to a lack of potassium, but the underlying cause could be a CEC preventing the uptake of potassium, or a lack of potassium in the root zone possibly due to a minimum tillage system. With a large number of acres, it is harder for the farmer to keep track of all the information that is available. A strong background in record keeping is needed to effectively store, retrieve and manipulate this information. Second, farmers must analyze the information. Usually this is done on a field by field basis. Often information is gathered from test plots on the operator’s own farm or from commercial plots. After the information has been evaluated, a decision on types and amounts of inputs (seed, fertilizer, lime, or chemical) can be made. Third, farmers must make decisions and determine the actual application of the inputs. Farmers get assistance from consultants and cooperatives on the use of crop protection chemicals, seed varieties and fertilizers. Historically, the chemical, seed variety or fertilizer was applied at the same rate across a field, based on an "average" condition of the field. Factors that drive precision farming Major factors that affect decision-making and drive the need for precision farming are field variability, the precision with which a decision is made, use as an on-farm research tool, and its environmental benefits. When a decision is made on a field basis it is being made on the assumption that there is no field variability--that the yield, nutrient or moisture levels are averages that represent the entire field. This is a false assumption since it is widely recognized that nutrients and other factors discussed here vary throughout the field. Precision farming allows us to measure this variability. The precision with which a decision is made is based on the size of equipment, the resolution that is possible with precision farming tools (GPS and GIS), and the type of decision the farmer needs to make. California vegetable growers have 40-acre plots for which they make detailed decisions compared to the 1000-acre fields of the Midwestern wheat grower. With precision farming, farmers can divide their fields into sub-units (grid cells) that are anywhere from 16.5 feet by 16.5 feet (5 x 5 meters) to 10 acres (4 hectares) in size. To decide on the size of the grid cell, the farmer considers the amount of data that will be collected, the degree of precision needed for decision making, and the variability of the field. When decisions are based on "average" field conditions, they are often made without regard to controls or equal comparisons. A side by side variety plot compares varieties, but differences in yields may actually be due to soil type. Precision farming tools have allowed a farmer to do on-farm research. What makes precision farming so important is that it allows the farmer to control different factors and to evenly compare corn yield in one year to soybean yield in the following year. An intrinsic value of precision farming is that it addresses the impact on the environment. Specific and precise placement of chemical and fertilizers and the application of decision-making to environmental concerns are important aspects of precision farming. Many farmers are very conscious of groundwater and soil loss and recognize that their practices have an impact on more than just their own land and water. Tools of precision farming: GPS, GIS and VRT For years farmers have used tillage tools, record books and even paper maps as tools. Now, the technology is here to allow them to use computers, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as tools. This topic establishes a base of knowledge about the technology as tools for collecting and analyzing data and assisting in the decision-making process. It is important to recognize that GPS and GIS are not the end result, but part of the larger process of precision farming. The tools used in precision farming include GPS, GIS, and Intelligent Devices and Implements (IDI), such as Variable Rate Technology, (VRT) as well as machinery, record-keeping and decision-making tools--the "normal" tools of farming. These tools are used in several processes, including data collection, data analysis and data modeling. Though there is not a specific "recipe" for precision farming, and not all farms are going to use the exact same tools, the concepts of their use are common to most precision farming systems. variable rate technology Variable Rate Technology is the technology that allows the rate of an input, such as fertilizer, to be changed as the application equipment is moving across a field. intelligent devices and implements (IDI) A variety of monitors, equipment and other devices that can be controlled for different levels of application or that can record information about the application. What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigational system designed for use by the U.S. Department of Defense, but available to civilians around the world. The system is composed of a series of space-based satellites sending out a time-coded signal. An earth-based GPS receiver, picking up the signal from at least four of the satellites calculates the latitude (lat), longitude (long) and altitude (alt) anywhere on earth. When GPS was originally released for civilian use it was accurate to 100-to-330 feet (30-to-100 meters) 95% of the time. This large range of error was intentionally placed in the signal as a defense strategy and was called Selective Availability. Selective Availability was recently removed bringing the accuracy of a GPS fix to a range within 30 meters. Even with the increased accuracy of GPS for civilian use, a 100 foot (30 meter) range of error is not acceptable for agricultural applications. Differential Correction is an error correction method that uses a base GPS station at a known point to calculate the amount of error being transmitted by the satellites. The base station calculates an error differential, (i.e., the difference between the known position and the position calculated by the GPS) and transmits an error correction signal to other roving GPS receivers to correct the accuracy to 3.3-to-6.5 feet (1-to-2 meters) or less (in some cases less than a foot). A GPS that integrates this differential correction is known as DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System). The main parts of an agriculture GPS system are the antenna which collects the GPS signal, the receiver which calculates the Lat/Long/Alt position, the display which shows the position or spatial information, and software which controls the setup and use of the other GPS components. Another part of most agricultural GPS systems, but not actually a part of the GPS, is a datalogger that stores the location and other information about the location.

1. What basic distinction between data and information is made in the GIS planning methodology? Data is used to produce information, and information is used to make decisions. is correct! Refer to Data and information 14. During what phase of GIS planning do you review the organization’s mission and responsibilities? Strategic business plan foundation is correct! Refer to Strategic business plan foundation 2. Using GIS to assess the amount of rooftop space, open land, and specific soil types in order to measure the potential bio-productivity of an urban ecosystem is best described as what? Performing analysis is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 3. If you are planning for an individual GIS project, the methodology of this course is not for you. False is correct! Refer to Welcome to GIS Planning Basics 19. Determining what information you want from the GIS is done early in the planning process. Why? Because most of the planning process hinges upon what information you want to get out of the GIS is correct! Refer to What to plan? 6. Senior-level management should be involved during which portion of the GIS planning process? Throughout the entire planning process is correct! Refer to Who should plan? 7. Specifically, what term does the planning process use to describe the tangible output from GIS, for example, maps, reports, tables, and charts? Information Products is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 10. When creating a detailed information product description, what must be included, among other things? The data and functions required to create the information product is correct! Refer to GIS and crime analysis 11. What are the two broad categories addressed during the conceptual design phase of GIS planning? Data and technology is correct! Refer to Conceptual design 12. Benefit-cost analysis is performed during which GIS planning phase? Implementation planning is correct! Refer to Implementation planning 13. Late in the second phase of GIS planning you will determine the system scope. What does this involve? Conducting a needs assessment, assessing the functional and data requirements of the system, and creating detailed information product descriptions is incorrect. Refer to System requirements 15. The best way to keep senior-level management involved in the GIS planning process is by: Providing them weekly status reports about the planning process is incorrect. Refer to Who should plan? 17. Why is the following definition of an application inaccurate? An application is two or more information products produced from the same software. Because the information products must also be linked by a business workflow model is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 18. If successfully implemented, your GIS should produce new data. False, it should produce new and useful information is correct! Refer to Data and information 20. Describing the information products the GIS will create is crucial to the planning process. True, because without describing the information products you cannot determine what applications the GIS will run is incorrect. Refer to Information products and applications 4. What is the generic term for operations that a GIS performs? Applications is incorrect. Refer to Functions and analysis 5. GIS planning ends with system implementation. True is incorrect. Refer to When to plan? 8. Deciding on the types of analysis required from the GIS allows you to determine what? The types of applications the GIS will be used for is incorrect. Refer to Functions and analysis 9. Senior-level management is sometimes hesitant to implement new technology. What technique will you learn in this course to relax their hesitancy and show the usefulness of GIS to your organization? How to create Information product descriptions is incorrect. Refer to Why plan? 16. With the click of a button your GIS will print a map of your current display and automatically add a scale bar, north arrow, legend, and title to the layout page. Is this an application? Yes, because the software is automating a common task is incorrect. Refer to Information products and applications 1. Using GIS to assess the amount of rooftop space, open land, and specific soil types in order to measure the potential bio-productivity of an urban ecosystem is best described as what? Performing analysis is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 18. Describing the information products the GIS will create is crucial to the planning process. True, because much of the planning process centers around the requirements associated with the desired information products is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 19. If successfully implemented, your GIS should produce new data. False, it should produce new and useful information is correct! Refer to Data and information 20. Why is the following definition of an application inaccurate? An application is two or more information products produced from the same software. Because the information products must also be linked by a business workflow model is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 2. If you are planning for an individual GIS project, the methodology of this course is not for you. False is correct! Refer to Welcome to GIS Planning Basics 3. Senior-level management should be involved during which portion of the GIS planning process? Throughout the entire planning process is correct! Refer to Who should plan? 4. What basic distinction between data and information is made in the GIS planning methodology? Data is used to produce information, and information is used to make decisions. is correct! Refer to Data and information 5. GIS planning ends with system implementation. False is correct! Refer to When to plan? 6. Specifically, what term does the planning process use to describe the tangible output from GIS, for example, maps, reports, tables, and charts? Information Products is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 7. Deciding on the types of analysis required from the GIS allows you to determine what? The functions the GIS software must be able to perform is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 8. What is the generic term for operations that a GIS performs? Functions is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 9. Benefit-cost analysis is performed during which GIS planning phase? Implementation planning is correct! Refer to Implementation planning 10. When creating a detailed information product description, what must be included, among other things? The data and functions required to create the information product is correct! Refer to GIS and crime analysis 11. Late in the second phase of GIS planning you will determine the system scope. What does this involve? Performing a needs assessment for your organization, creating detailed information product descriptions, and assessing the total amount of data the system will use is incorrect. Refer to System requirements 12. Senior-level management is sometimes hesitant to implement new technology. What technique will you learn in this course to relax their hesitancy and show the usefulness of GIS to your organization? How to create a needs assessment is incorrect. Refer to Why plan? 13. What are the two broad categories addressed during the conceptual design phase of GIS planning? Data and technology is correct! Refer to Conceptual design 14. During what phase of GIS planning do you review the organization’s mission and responsibilities? Strategic business plan foundation is correct! Refer to Strategic business plan foundation 15. Describing the information products the GIS will create is crucial to the planning process. True, because much of the planning process centers around the requirements associated with the desired information products is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 16. The best way to keep senior-level management involved in the GIS planning process is by: Educating them about and keeping them informed during the GIS planning process is correct! Refer to Who should plan? 17. Determining what information you want from the GIS is done early in the planning process. Why? Because most of the planning process hinges upon what information you want to get out of the GIS is correct! Refer to What to plan? 18. Why is the following definition of an application inaccurate? An application is two or more information products produced from the same software. Because the information products must also be linked by a business workflow model is correct! Refer to Information products and applications 3. What basic distinction between data and information is made in the GIS planning methodology? Data is used to produce information, and information is used to make decisions. is correct! Refer to Data and information 4. Deciding on the types of analysis required from the GIS allows you to determine what? The functions the GIS software must be able to perform is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 5. Senior-level management should be involved during which portion of the GIS planning process? Throughout the entire planning process is correct! Refer to Who should plan? 6. If you are planning for an individual GIS project, the methodology of this course is not for you. False is correct! Refer to Welcome to GIS Planning Basics 7. Using GIS to assess the amount of rooftop space, open land, and specific soil types in order to measure the potential bio-productivity of an urban ecosystem is best described as what? Performing analysis is correct! Refer to Functions and analysis 10. What are the two broad categories addressed during the conceptual design phase of GIS planning? Data and technology is correct! Refer to Conceptual design 11. When creating a detailed information product description, what must be included, among other things? The data and functions required to create the information product is correct! Refer to GIS and crime analysis 8. GIS planning ends with system implementation. False is correct! Refer to When to plan? 13. During what phase of GIS planning do you review the organization’s mission and responsibilities? Strategic business plan foundation is correct! Refer to Strategic business plan foundation 16. Determining what information you want from the GIS is done early in the planning process. Why? Because most of the planning process hinges upon what information you want to get out of the GIS is correct! Refer to What to plan? 14. Benefit-cost analysis is performed during which GIS planning phase? Implementation planning is correct! Refer to Implementation planning 9. Senior-level management is sometimes hesitant to implement new technology. What technique will you learn in this course to relax their hesitancy and show the usefulness of GIS to your organization? How to write an RFP is incorrect. Refer to Why plan? 12. Late in the second phase of GIS planning you will determine the system scope. What does this involve? Creating a conceptual design for technology, and performing a needs assessment is incorrect. Refer to System requirements 15. With the click of a button your GIS will print a map of your current display and automatically add a scale bar, north arrow, legend, and title to the layout page. Is this an application? Yes, because it combines several functions to perform the task is incorrect. Refer to Information products and applications 17. The best way to keep senior-level management involved in the GIS planning process is by: Making sure they have time to participate by working the planning process around their schedule is incorrect. Refer to Who should plan? 1. What is the generic term for operations that a GIS performs? Tasks is incorrect. Refer to Functions and analysis 19. With the click of a button your GIS will print a map of your current display and automatically add a scale bar, north arrow, legend, and title to the layout page. Is this an application? No, because only one software program is used is incorrect. Refer to Information products and applications 20. If successfully implemented, your GIS should produce new data. False, it should produce new and useful information is correct! Refer to Data and information 2. Specifically, what term does the planning process use to describe the tangible output from GIS, for example, maps, reports, tables, and charts? Information Output is incorrect. Refer to Information products and applications

1. Expressions can be entered into the Map Calculator in the following format: Avenue request format is correct! Refer to Introduction to map algebra 19. Which of the following represents a traditional type of spatial analysis? All of the above is correct! Refer to Spatial analysis 9. Which of the following is a false statement regarding a cost surface? Cell values can be positive or negative. is correct! Refer to Contours and surfaces 20. Use ArcView Spatial Analyst and the L2_ex03.apr project file to answer this question. Which land use type has the greatest area in the flood zone? Agriculture is correct! Refer to Introduction to raster overlay, Step 4 13. In grid themes, cells are assigned a solid fill color based on their value or zone. True is correct! Refer to Displaying grids 2. What are isolines? Lines on a map connecting points of equal value is correct! Refer to Contours and surfaces 7. Which of the following is an example of a continuous surface? All of the above is correct! Refer to What is a surface? 8. The basic spatial unit of a grid theme is: Cell is correct! 5. The main component of the ArcView Spatial Analyst is the: Grid theme is correct! Refer to ArcView Spatial Analyst basics 3. What is a breakline? A sharp and sudden change in the value of surface data is correct! Refer to What is a surface? 1. What is a breakline? A sharp and sudden change in the value of surface data is correct! Refer to What is a surface? 2. Two geographic features that share a boundary are called: Adjacent is correct! Refer to Vector data model 3. Points, polygons, lines, and surfaces are all represented in a grid in the same format. True is correct! Refer to What is a grid theme? 4. A series of symbols that begins with one color, ends with another, and distributes intervening colors of the spectrum proportionately among the symbols in between is known as a: Color spectrum is incorrect. Refer to Visualization 6. Floating point grids have a value attribute table (VAT). False is correct! Refer to What is a grid theme? 7. Surface grids can be created only from Digital Elevation models (DEMs). True is incorrect. Refer to Contours and surfaces 8. The basic spatial unit of a grid theme is: Cell is correct! Refer to What is a grid theme? 9. Which of the following is a false statement regarding a cost surface? Cell values can be positive or negative. is correct! Refer to Contours and surfaces 10. A cell's color brightness can be varied with values from another grid theme. True is correct! Refer to Visualization 11. In grid themes, cells are assigned a solid fill color based on their value or zone. True is correct! Refer to Displaying grids 12. Which of the following is an example of discrete data? Land use type is correct! Refer to What is a surface? 13. All cells in a grid have eight neighbors. False is correct! Refer to Raster data model 14. You can change the colors used to symbolize a grid theme in the Project Properties dialog. True is incorrect. Refer to Displaying grids 15. Use ArcView Spatial Analyst and the L2_ex03.apr project file to answer this question. Which land use type has the greatest area in the flood zone? Agriculture is correct! Refer to Introduction to raster overlay, Step 4 16. Surfaces can only be represented by models built from regularly spaced sample points. False is correct! Refer to What is a surface? 17. Grid themes represent points, lines, polygons, and surfaces uniformly. True is correct! Refer to Introduction to grid themes 18. Proximity analysis sets the value of each cell to either 1 or 0. False is correct! Refer to Proximity analysis 20. Map Query creates a new grid theme containing values of 1 and 2. False is correct! Refer to Querying grids 19. Which of the following represents a traditional type of spatial analysis? Linear analysis is incorrect. Refer to Spatial analysis 5. You cannot edit a shapefile theme. True is incorrect. Refer to Vector data model 4. Floating point grids have a value attribute table (VAT). True is incorrect. Refer to What is a grid theme? 6. Only two grid themes can be compared in the Query Builder at any given time. True is incorrect. Refer to Querying grids Refer to What is a grid theme? 10. Which of the following classification methods can be used on floating point grid themes? All of the above is incorrect. Refer to Classification 11. A visualization tool used to calculate the effects of illumination on a surface is known as: Surfaceshading is incorrect. Refer to Visualization 12. All cells in a grid have eight neighbors. True is incorrect. Refer to Raster data model 14. Which of the following is an example of discrete data? All of the above is incorrect. Refer to What is a surface? 15. Grid themes represent points, lines, polygons, and surfaces uniformly. False is incorrect. Refer to Introduction to grid themes 16. Proximity analysis sets the value of each cell to either 1 or 0. True is incorrect. Refer to Proximity analysis 17. Map Query creates a new grid theme containing values of 1 and 2. True is incorrect. Refer to Querying grids 18. Surfaces can only be represented by models built from regularly spaced sample points. True is incorrect. Refer to What is a surface?

1. Which of the below would you use to rename a theme? Theme Properties dialog is correct! Refer to Exercise 1, Step 5 5. The working directory changes each time you browse your file system. False is correct! Refer to Exercise 1, Step 3 1. One valuable use of GIS as it applies to wildlife management is analyzing distribution patterns. True is correct! Refer to Module introduction 7. You can add points, lines, and polygons to a theme using the Draw tool. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 4, Step 10 8. Before you can calculate a field's values, what must you do? Place the table in edit mode is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 2 9. A view's distance units setting depends on its map units setting. False is correct! Refer to Exercise 4, Step 2 10. The working directory is where ArcView writes files generated by operations you perform. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 1, Step 3 11. When you create a dot density map, each time the theme redraws the dots may change position. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 13. What is theme-on-theme selection used for? To select the features of one theme using the features of another theme is correct! Refer to Exercise 3, Step 6 14. Any field from a theme's attribute table can be used to label features in the view. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 15. Using the data from Exercise 4, when was the most recent sighting of bear number 128? 06/08/1990 is correct! Hint: Use the Query Builder to select [Bearnum] = 128 from the Grizzly Sightings 1985-1993 theme. Examine the Date field for the selected records. 16. Using the data from Exercise 2, what is the total acreage of the Custer Forest in Montana? 1,205,887 is correct! Hint: Use the Query Builder to select [Forest] = "CUSTER" from the National Forests - MT theme. Open the theme table and perform Statistics on the Acres field. 17. You can use Auto-label to label two themes at once as long as both themes are active in the view. False is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 18. When creating a dot density map, if you calculate a theme's optimized dot density at one scale, then resize your view to be much smaller, how will the dot pattern appear? Denser is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 19. Using the data from Exercise 2, which grizzly recovery zone has the densest population of bears? Northern Continental Divide is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 8 6. Before you can calculate a field's values, what must you do? Place the table in edit mode is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 2 7. By default, when a theme is added to a view, its name is the same as the data source it is based on. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 1, Step 5 12. Joining tables allows you to symbolize, label, query, and analyze the features in a theme using the data from your source table. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 7 14. When you create a dot density map, each time the theme redraws the dots may change position. True is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 15. Using the data from Exercise 4, when was the most recent sighting of bear number 128? 06/08/1990 is correct! Hint: Use the Query Builder to select [Bearnum] = 128 from the Grizzly Sightings 1985-1993 theme. Examine the Date field for the selected records. 17. Using the data from Exercise 2, which grizzly recovery zone has the densest population of bears? Northern Continental Divide is correct! Refer to Exercise 2, Step 8 18. Using the data from Exercise 2, what is the mean (average) number of acres in the recovery zones? 3,412,404.05 is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 2, Step 5 16. You can use Auto-label to label two themes at once as long as both themes are active in the view. True is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 2, Step 9 2. When you start editing a table, what happens to indicate that the table is in edit mode? Records in the table become selected. is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 2, Step 2 3. A good analysis is not necessarily compromised by inconsistencies in the data. True is incorrect. Refer to Lesson summary 4. The working directory changes each time you browse your file system. True is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 1, Step 3 5. Which of the below would you use to change the pattern of a symbol? Color Palette is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 1, Step 6 9. A view's distance units setting depends on its map units setting. True is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 4, Step 2 10. How do you change the text, alignment, and spacing of a label in the view? Select the label and drag it with the mouse. is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 1, Step 8 20. Using the data from Exercise 2, what is the mean (average) number of acres per bear? 2,912,225.80 is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 2, Step 8 2. Which of the below would you use to change the pattern of a symbol? Foreground colors is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 1, Step 6 6. A shapefile cannot be renamed once it is added to a view as a theme. True is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 1, Step 5 12. When you create a new theme in a view, it displays with a dashed line around its check box. What does this indicate? The theme is active. is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 4, Step 10 20. Using the data from Exercise 2, what is the mean (average) number of acres in the recovery zones? 5,937,000.04 is incorrect. Refer to Exercise 2, Step 5